الأدلة المختلف فيها (١): الاستحسان والمصلحة والذرائع والعرف
Disputed Sources (1): Juristic Preference, Public Interest, Blocking the Means, and Custom
This chapter treats four disputed sources that operate at station 5 of the derivation line, where a case without a direct text is joined to the law, and that open onto the purposive weighing of station 6. Juristic preference (istihsan) is defined with al-Karkhi's Hanafi formula, departing from the ruling of a case's analogues for a stronger reason, and its kinds are set out: by text (salam), consensus (commissioned manufacture), necessity, hidden analogy (the leftover water of birds of prey) and custom (the public bath). The Maliki notion, in al-Shatibi's words taking a particular interest against a general proof, and the report that it is nine tenths of knowledge, are compared with al-Shafi'i's attack in al-Risala and Ibtal al-istihsan, showing that much of the dispute is verbal. Unregulated interest (maslaha mursala) is placed in the threefold division of interests, with Maliki conditions, al-Ghazali's necessary, certain and universal test in the human-shield case, Companion precedents, and al-Qarafi's remark that all schools use it in practice. Blocking the means is defined with its divisions in al-Qarafi and Ibn al-Qayyim, its fruit in deferred sales and 'ina, and its counterpart, opening the means. Custom closes the chapter: its conditions, verbal and practical, general and particular custom, specification of general terms, and the change of fatwa with custom in al-Qarafi and Ibn 'Abidin.
موقع الفصل من المنظومة
يقع هذا الفصل في المحطة الخامسة من خط الاستنباط، حيث يُلحق ما لا نص فيه بالشريعة، ويفتح بابا إلى المحطة السادسة، حيث يوزن الحكم بمقصده ومآله. والسؤال الذي يجيب عنه: إذا وجد الناظر القياسanalogy (qiyās)مساواة فرع لأصل في علة حكمه، أو رد الفرع إلى الأصل بعلة تجمعهما في الحكم.In the glossary يقتضي حكما يؤدي إلى حرج، أو لم يجد أصلا معينا يقيس عليه، أو وجد مباحا يغلب أن يفضي إلى مفسدة، أو لفظا جرى الناس فيه على معنى غير اللغوي، فبأي شيء يحكم؟
والأدلة الأربعة هنا، الاستحسان و